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HAL HJT-36 Sitara

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HJT-36 Sitara
Side shot of the HJT-36 at Yelahanka Air Force Base
General information
TypeIntermediate trainer
National originIndia
ManufacturerHindustan Aeronautics Limited
DesignerAircraft Research and Design Centre
StatusLimited series production
Primary usersIndian Air Force
Number built16[1]
History
Introduction date2026 (Planned)
First flight7 March 2003
Developed fromHJT-16 Kiran
Developed intoHAL HJT 39

The HAL HJT-36 Sitara (Sitārā: "Star") is a subsonic intermediate jet trainer aircraft designed and developed by Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC)[2] and built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. The HJT-36 will replace the HAL HJT-16 Kiran as the Stage-2 trainer for the two forces.[3]

The Sitara is a conventional jet trainer with low swept wings, tandem cockpit and small air intakes for the engine on either side of its fuselage. It entered limited series production by 2010 but according to the Indian Air Force officials it remained "unfit" for service due to technological issues related to spin test (as of March 2017),[4] an issue which was only solved in tests in January 2022.[5]

In April 2019, Sitara flew for the first time in three years with a modified air frame to correct its spin characteristics.[6]

Development

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HAL started design work on an intermediate jet trainer in 1997. The concept was developed as a successor to HAL's earlier trainer, the HJT-16 Kiran, introduced in 1968. In 1999, following reviews by the Indian Air Force, the Government of India awarded HAL a contract for the development, testing, and certification of two prototype IJT aircraft at the cost of ₹180 crore (equivalent to ₹773 crore or US$91 million in 2023). The completion of the contract was scheduled in July 2004.[7]

Prototype IJT (PT-1, S3474) in its hangar at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

2000s

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  • The first and second prototypes of the HJT-36, labeled PT-1 and PT-2, serialed S3474 and S3466, flew on 7 March 2003 and in March 2004, respectively.[8]
  • In April 2005, the project cost was revised to ₹467 crore (equivalent to ₹16 billion or US$190 million in 2023) and timeline for Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) and the Final Operational Clearance (FOC) was expected in 2006-07 and 2007-08, respectively.[7]
  • In April 2005, some delays were expected as the SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac engine was to be replaced by NPO Saturn AL-55I (16.9 kN) for higher thrust requirements.[7]
  • In February 2006, the Ministry of Defence submitted a proposal to the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) for procurement of 12 IJT Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft from HAL. The clearance and the contract from the Indian Air Force was received in March 2006 at a cost of ₹486 crore (equivalent to ₹16 billion or US$180 million in 2023). Deliveries, originally scheduled between March 2008 and March 2010, was further revised to 2011-12. Later, a CAG report flagged that LSP orders are to be placed after IOC certification from CEMILAC, however, this was not followed in case of IJT project. It was then expected that the order of 73 Serial Production (SP) aircraft was to be done after conducting operations of LSP aircraft and certain required modifications to designs.[9]
  • On 8 February 2007, IJT prototype PT-1 overshot the runway at Yelehanka AFS during the inauguration of Aero India after its tyres burst during take-off.[10][11][12]
  • In November 2008, Air HQ initiated a proposal to for supply of 73 SP IJT aircraft from HAL.[9]
  • On 4 February 2009, PT-2 met with an accident just before the Aero India event due to landing gear failure while landing during a routine test flight.[7][13]
  • Following the crashes and delays, in March 2009, the IOC and FOC dates were shifted to 2009-10 and 2010-11, respectively.[7]
  • The first AL-55I engine was received from Russia on 28 December 2008, 2 years later than committed, and was installed on PT-1.[14] Following ground taxiing trials, flight tests with the new engine started on 9 May 2009.[15][16]

2010s

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  • In March 2010, the Air Force placed an order for 73 HJT-36 trainers for serial production at a cost of ₹6,180 crore (equivalent to ₹140 billion or US$1.6 billion in 2023), again before the completion of IOC certification and deliveries of LSP aircraft. Clearance for the contract was approved by the CCS in February. As per MoD, the LSP aircraft order would be completed by 2011-12 and the timeline for delivery of 73 SP aircraft was between 2013 and 2017. As per delivery timeline, 6 aircraft would have to be delivered in 2013, followed by 24 aircraft in 2014 An advance payment of ₹926.15 crore (equivalent to ₹21 billion or US$240 million in 2023) was done.[9]
  • The first flight test for the limited series aircraft occurred in January 2010,[17] and initial operational capability was expected by July 2011.[18][19]
  • On 27 July 2012, first Engine Ground Run was performed on third prototype.[20][21]
  • In December 2013, HAL declared that Sitara was 'weeks' from certification.[22]
  • On 19 February 2014, the Indian MoD submitted a statement that the development of IJT was in the advanced stages of certification, with more than 800 test flights completed so far. The activities were progressing well with completion of sea level trials, night flying trials, high altitude trials as well as weapon and drop tank trials. The activities left for obtaining Final Operational Clearance (FOC) are the refinement of stall characteristics, and spin testing which will be commenced as soon as stall characteristics were refined. All efforts were being made to achieve FOC by December 2014. Production of aircraft was to commence immediately thereafter.[23] However the stall cannot be tested until HAL redesigns the entire aircraft to correct its "inherent asymmetry".[24]
  • As of July 2014, 6 of the LSP aircraft were produced but still not delivered due to non completion of Design and Development (D&D) activities.[9]
  • BAE Systems was consulted on certain design changes, specifically the tail.[25] Afterwards the design was put to mathematical and wind tunnel tests. The modified aircraft was expected to complete the spin tests by September 2015, and the production of 85 aircraft for the Indian Air Force to begin.[26]
  • In 2016, the programme and the testing came to a halt after the aircraft “departed from controlled flight” while testing spin characteristics.[7][27]
  • In March 2017, Jane's reported that due to the HJT-36's "unsolvable" issues associated with critical stall and spin characteristics the aircraft is not ready to serve as an intermediate jet trainer for Indian Air Force pilots.[4]
  • With Birhle as a consultant, the air frame was modified to move the tailfin and tailplane further down which is expected to make spin recovery easier. The modified aircraft (IJT LSP4) flew for the first time in April 2019.[28][29] Post modifications, a new Anti-Spin Parachute system (ASPS) was developed to ensure safety of the aircraft and test crew during spin flight testing.[27]

2020s

[edit]
  • As per a report, "The new ASPS was integrated into the aircraft in July 2020 and the successful streaming of the parachutes were demonstrated in September 2020."[27]
  • In February 2021, HJT-36 took-off during Aero India with the newly supplied AL-55I engines with improved features.[29]
  • On 6 January, the IJT has successfully demonstrated the capability to carry out six turn spins to both the left and right hand sides. As of then, the aircraft would require more two years of testing, after which it would be ready for certification. With the help of internal funding, some major modifications were done in the design configuration and, hence, re-demonstration of earlier tests was required.[27]

Design

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HAL HJT-36 PT-2 (S3466) Sitara at Yelahanka Air Force Station

Airframe

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HJT-36 uses light alloys and composites, with a conventional low wing design with 18° leading-edge sweepback and a 9.8m wingspan. It features a hydraulically retractable tricycle-type landing gear. The single-wheeled main units retract inward and the twin nose wheel unit retracts forward. About a quarter of the aircraft's line replaceable units are common between it and the HAL Tejas trainer variant.

Cockpit

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In the cockpit, the HJT-36 has a conventional tandem two-seat configuration with the trainee pilot forward and the instructor in the raised seat to the rear. The single-piece canopy gives both pilots good, all-round vision. The prototype aircraft used Zvezda K-26LT lightweight zero-zero ejection seats. However, these may be replaced with Martin-Baker Mk.16 IN16S seats, due to a price escalation of the former.[30] The pilots have both conventional and manual flight controls.[31]

The trainer has a full glass cockpit with a layout similar to current generation combat aircraft. It uses an integrated digital avionics system from GE Aviation Systems. Head-up display and repeater is produced by Elbit Systems.[30]

Armaments

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The aircraft has five external hardpoints for weapons training. There is one center-line hardpoint under the fuselage and two-weapon pylons under each wing for carrying rockets, gun pods, and bombs. The maximum external payload is 1,000 kg.

Propulsion

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See also: NPO Saturn AL-55 and SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac

The prototype aircraft was initially powered by a SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac 04-H-20 non-afterburning turbofan developing 14.12 kN of thrust.[8] However, as stipulated by the 2005 Air Staff Qualitative Requirements (ASQRs) from the Air Force there was a requirement of higher thrust engines.[32]

In April 2005, the Larzac engine was to be replaced by NPO Saturn AL-55I (16.9 kN) to meet training requirements. The AL-55I engine would be a Joint Venture of HAL and NPO Saturn and the deal for the development of the same was signed with Rosoboronexport in August. A funding of ₹159 crore (equivalent to ₹540 crore or US$63 million in 2023) by the Indian Ministry of Defence was released for the higher thrust engine development.[7][9]

As per a CAG report on IJT, in February 2014, the engine developed (AL-55I) had a Total Technical Life (TTL) of only 300 hours against the required 3600 hours provided in the ASQR. However, by 2013, it was told that the contract for engine development was fulfilled and the JV intended to increase the TTL to 600 hours though IAF insisted a TTL of 1,200 hours. The increase of TTL was important as ASQR projected a "utilisation rate" of 30 hrs/month per aircraft which meant the engines needed to be replaced every 10 months.[9][8]

On 14 July 2021, it was reported that the United Engine Corporation had deliver two units of AL-55I engines to HAL for the HJT-36 programme. The life cycle of the improved engines were increased to 1,200 hours . Earlier, 16 engines had been supplied to HAL for the prototypes and limited series production (LSP) aircraft. The engines were reportedly ready for licenced production in India.[29][33][34] The new engines also had an improved thrust of 17.27 kN and also featured a reduction of over 50 kg weight.[8]

Operators

[edit]
 India

Specifications (HJT-36, prototypes)

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Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft[35][36]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 11 m (36 ft 1 in)
  • Wingspan: 10 m (32 ft 9.75 in)
  • Height: 4.4 m (14 ft 5.25 in)
  • Wing area: 17.5 m2 (188.4 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 5.5
  • Gross weight: 4,250 kg (9,370 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 5,400 kg (11,905 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 917 kilograms (2,022 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × SNECMA Larzac 04-H20 non-afterburning turbofan, 14.12 kN (3,175 lbf) thrust (Prototypes; replaced)
  • Powerplant: 1 × NPO Saturn AL-55I non-afterburning turbofan, 17.3 kN (3,900 lbf) thrust (Production)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 750 km/h (466 mph, 405 kn)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 0.75
  • Range: 1,000 km (621 mi, 540 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 9,000 m (29,520 ft)
  • g limits: +7.0/–2.5
  • Wing loading: 308.6 kg/m2 (63.21 lb/sq ft)

Armament

  • Hardpoints: 1 × under-fuselage and 4 × under-wing pylons with a capacity of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb)

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

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  1. ^ Pubby, Manu (9 February 2020). "Spin test in July may revive intermediate jet trainer plan". Economic Times.
  2. ^ "With expected 83 Tejas MK1A orders, ARDC shapes India's upgraded fighter". OnManorama. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  3. ^ "Why India's new jet trainer is in a spin | Times Aerospace".
  4. ^ a b Bedi, Rahul. "India's HJT-36 Sitara remains 'unfit' for use as intermediate jet trainer". Jane's 360. IHS. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  5. ^ Peri, Dinakar (7 January 2022). "Intermediate Jet Trainer has cleared a major milestone, says HAL chief". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  6. ^ Waldron, Greg (18 April 2019). "PICTURES: HAL HJT-36 IJT flies after three year hiatus". Flightglobal.com.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Long Road Ahead For HAL's HJT-36 Sitara Intermediate Jet Trainer". Mobility Outlook. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
  8. ^ a b c d e "HJT-36 Flight Test Resumption Renews Hope for AL-55 Engine | AIN".
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "CHAPTER II: MINISTRY OF DEFENCE" (PDF). cag.gov.in/en. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  10. ^ "IJT overshoots runway at Aero India". Hindustan Times. 8 February 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  11. ^ "Jet trainer overshoots runway at aero show". The Hindu. 9 February 2007 – via www.thehindu.com.
  12. ^ "Trainer jet goes off runway at B'lore air show". Business Standard. 8 February 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  13. ^ "Aero India 2009 News: Crashes, delays hit Indian participation at Aero India". Retrieved 9 January 2025.
  14. ^ "Russian engines coming today for intermediate jet trainer". The Hindu. 28 December 2008. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 10 January 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  15. ^ "IJT". Deagel. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  16. ^ "HAL's intermediate jet trainer HJT-36 makes maiden flight with Russian engine". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  17. ^ Krishnan, Anantha (28 May 2010). "India Thought Leaders: HAL Chairman Sets Firm Agenda For Aggressive Export Sales". aviationweek.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  18. ^ "Indigenous jet trainer to get initial clearance by July". The Times of India. 10 February 2011.
  19. ^ "Vayu aerospace article". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
  20. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ "Press Information Bureau". pib.nic.in.
  22. ^ Shukla, Ajai (20 December 2013). "In Tejas' shadow, Sitara trainer also poised to enter service". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  23. ^ Aroor, Shiv (19 February 2014). "HJT-36 Target FOC By Dec 2014, Says MoD".
  24. ^ Simha, Rakesh Krishnan (24 February 2014). "Flameout: Why the IAF won't accept HAL's jet trainer". indrus.in. Российская газета. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  25. ^ Pubby, Manu (14 July 2018). "Spin trials to revive intermediate jet trainer programme soon". The Economic Times.
  26. ^ D.S, Madhumathi (9 September 2015). "IAF's IJT set for spin test". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  27. ^ a b c d Peri, Dinakar (7 January 2022). "Intermediate Jet Trainer has cleared a major milestone, says HAL chief". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  28. ^ Shukla, Ajai (19 April 2019). "HAL's Intermediate Jet Trainer flies again after extensive re-design". Business Standard.
  29. ^ a b c "TRAINING: India Gets Two AL-55I Engines for Combat Trainers | Times Aerospace". www.timesaerospace.aero. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  30. ^ a b "HAL HJT-36 Sitara - program supplier guide". www.airframer.com.
  31. ^ "HJT-36 Sitara Intermediate Jet Trainer". Airforce Technology. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  32. ^ "HAL HJT-36 | Aviation Week Network".
  33. ^ "India Gets Two AL-55I Engines For Combat Trainers". Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  34. ^ "Russia supplies India with 2 turbojet engines for HJT-36 training plane - Rostec". UNI India. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  35. ^ Jackson, Paul; Peacock, Lindsay; Bushell, Susan; Willis, David; Winchester, Jim, eds. (2016–2017). "India". IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production. Couldson. p. 304. ISBN 978-0710631770.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  36. ^ "HAL IJT". HAL. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
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