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Våler, Innlandet

Coordinates: 60°45′12″N 11°53′51″E / 60.75333°N 11.89750°E / 60.75333; 11.89750
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Våler Municipality
Våler kommune
Våler i Solør
Municipality
Vaaler herred  (historic name)
Old cabin in the Våler forest
Old cabin in the Våler forest
Flag of Våler Municipality
Flag
Coat of arms of Våler Municipality
Coat of arms
Innlandet within Norway
Innlandet within Norway
Våler within Innlandet
Våler within Innlandet
Coordinates: 60°45′12″N 11°53′51″E / 60.75333°N 11.89750°E / 60.75333; 11.89750
CountryNorway
CountyInnlandet
DistrictSolør
Established1854
 • Preceded byÅsnes og Våler
Administrative centreVåler
Government
 • Mayor (2019)Ola Cato Lie (Sp)
Area
 • Total
705.29 km2 (272.31 sq mi)
 • Land677.70 km2 (261.66 sq mi)
 • Water27.58 km2 (10.65 sq mi)  3.9%
 • Rank#164 in Norway
Population
 (2023)
 • Total
3,625
 • Rank#213 in Norway
 • Density5.3/km2 (14/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Decrease −5.3%
DemonymsVålsokning
Vålersokning[1]
Official language
[2]
 • Norwegian formBokmål
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-3419[3]
WebsiteOfficial website
Data from Statistics Norway

Våler is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Solør. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Våler. Other villages in Våler include Braskereidfoss, Gravberget, and Risberget.

The 705-square-kilometre (272 sq mi) municipality is the 164th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Våler is the 213th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,625. The municipality's population density is 5.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (14/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 5.3% over the previous 10-year period.[4][5]

General information

[edit]
War memorial for Russian soldiers killed at Haslemoen during WWII

The area of Våler was originally part of the municipality of Hof that was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). This new municipality was made up of three areas: Hof, Aasnes, and Våler. In 1849, the municipality of Hof was divided in two: Hof (population: 2,913) and Åsnes og Våler (population: 7,087). In 1854, the relatively new municipality of Åsnes og Våler was divided into Åsnes (population: 3,677) and Våler (population: 3,410). This division happened after a hard struggle, mainly led by Christian Halvorsen Svenkerud, a local member of parliament.[6]

Name

[edit]

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Våler farm (Old Norse: Válir) since the first Våler Church was built there. The first element is the plural form of váll which means "clearing in the woods".[7]

On 21 December 1917, a royal resolution enacted the 1917 Norwegian language reforms. Prior to this change, the name was spelled Vaaler with the digraph "aa", and after this reform, the name was spelled Våler, using the letter å instead.[8][9]

Coat of arms

[edit]

The coat of arms was granted on 7 August 1987. The official blazon is "Gules, a downwards pointing winged arrow Or" (Norwegian: I rødt en nedvendt vinget gull pil). This means the arms have a red field (background) and the charge is a downwards pointing winged arrow. The charge has a tincture of Or which means it is commonly colored yellow, but if it is made out of metal, then gold is used. The design was chosen to symbolize the legend that in the year 1022, King Olaf II of Norway (Saint Olaf) decided to solve a local disagreement on where a church should be built. He did so by shooting an arrow from his bow, commanding that the church be built wherever the arrow hit the ground. A winged arrow is also a frequent medieval heraldic motif. This design also has a V-shape which alludes to the initial V for Våler. The arms were designed by John Arne Moseng. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.[10][11][12][13]

Churches

[edit]

The Church of Norway has two parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Våler. It is part of the Solør, Vinger og Odal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar.

Churches in Våler
Parish (sokn) Church name Location of the church Year built
Gravberget Gravberget Church Gravberget 1955
Våler Våler Church Våler 2015
Risberget Chapel Risberget 1862
Våler Church

The first Våler Church was known as the Mariakirken. Legend says the church was established by Saint Olaf. The church was rebuilt several times. By 1686, the stave church that was standing at that time was in poor condition so it was renovated and restored. In 1804, the people of Våler asked the King permission to build a new church. It was permitted by the King, and so the construction of a new church started the same year. The church tower is dated 1805, and the dedication of the new church was 26 June 1806. The old stave church was then torn down. Today, there is a monument where the old church stood.[14] On 29 May 2009 the Våler Church was destroyed by an arson attack, which is suspected to be an act of satanist. It was rebuilt in 2015.

Geography

[edit]

The municipality is bordered in the north by the municipality of Elverum, in the east by the municipality of Trysil and the neighboring country of Sweden, in the south by the municipality of Åsnes, and in the west by the municipality of Stange.

The municipality lies in the north end of the traditional district of Solør, and it is often referred to as Våler in Solør. Solør is the geographical area that lies between the towns of Elverum and Kongsvinger. The eastern part of Solør (in the area bordering Sweden) is known as Finnskogen (the forest of the "Finns").

Agriculture and forestry are the main industries in Våler. With near 90% of the total area covered with forest, Våler is among the larger forested municipalities in Norway. Most of the agricultural areas are found near the river Glomma. The Solør Line runs through the municipality on the east bank of the river. The river Flisa also runs through the municipality.

Government

[edit]

Våler Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[15] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Østre Innlandet District Court and the Eidsivating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

[edit]

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Våler is made up of 19 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Våler kommunestyre 2023–2027 [16]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 1
  Industry and Business Party (Industri‑ og Næringspartiet) 3
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
 Local list Våler i Sølør (Bygdelista Våler i Solør)4
 The People's List (Folkelista)1
Total number of members:19
Våler kommunestyre 2019–2023 [17]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 4
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 1
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
 Local list Våler i Sølør (Bygdelista Våler i Solør)3
 The People's List (Folkelista)3
Total number of members:19
Våler kommunestyre 2015–2019 [18][19]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
 Local list Våler's Future (Bygdelista Vålers framtid)2
Total number of members:19
Våler kommunestyre 2011–2015 [20]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:19
Våler kommunestyre 2007–2011 [19]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 12
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 1
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
Total number of members:19
Våler kommunestyre 2003–2007 [19]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
Total number of members:19
Våler kommunestyre 1999–2003 [19]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
 Local people's free list (Bygdefolkets frie liste)1
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1995–1999 [21]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 Local people's free list (Bygdefolkets frie liste)2
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1991–1995 [22]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
 Local people's free list (Bygdefolkets frie liste)3
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1987–1991 [23]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
 Local people's free list (Bygdefolkets frie liste)4
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1983–1987 [24]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 15
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 Local people's free list (Bygdefolkets frie liste)1
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1979–1983 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1975–1979 [26]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 4
 Free voters (Frie velgere)1
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1971–1975 [27]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 14
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 2
 Socialist common list (Venstresosialistiske felleslister)1
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1967–1971 [28]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 2
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 1
Total number of members:23
Våler kommunestyre 1963–1967 [29]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 1
Total number of members:23
Våler herredsstyre 1959–1963 [30]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
Total number of members:23
Våler herredsstyre 1955–1959 [31]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 4
Total number of members:23
Våler herredsstyre 1951–1955 [32]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 1
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 6
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 3
Total number of members:16
Våler herredsstyre 1947–1951 [33]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 2
Total number of members:16
Våler herredsstyre 1945–1947 [34]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 7
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 3
Total number of members:16
Våler herredsstyre 1937–1941* [35]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Communist Party (Kommunistiske Parti) 2
  Nasjonal Samling Party (Nasjonal Samling) 1
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 4
Total number of members:16
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors

[edit]

The mayors of Våler (incomplete list):

History

[edit]
Number of minorities (1st and 2nd generation) in Våler by country of origin in 2017[38]
Ancestry Number
 Lithuania 45
 Poland 41
 Sweden 28
 Germany 26
 Iceland 19

Stone age

[edit]

It is not known for certain when the first humans arrived in Våler, but it is thought to be at the end of the neolithic era (4000–1800 BC). Tools made of flint have been found that are dated to about 2000 BC. Flint is not natural to the area, indicating it came along trade routes from the south.

The first humans in the deep forests of Våler lived mainly by hunting and fishing. Even though the people around the nearby lake Mjøsa already kept livestock and grew crops, some time passed before the people in Våler settled as farmers.

Pre-Christian times

[edit]

From about 1000 BC there are findings that indicate settlements in Våler. In the Viking Age, from about 700–1000 AD, Våler became more than just a few settled farms. At one stage in history, Solør was a powerful petty kingdom.

The name Våler comes from the Old Norse word vål, which means “trunks, or stumps (roots) from burnt trees in a clearing.” Names which are variations of vål are common in Norway as the first stage of clearing woodland for cultivation was to burn the trees and undergrowth.[39]

The conversion of Hedemark to Christianity is mentioned in the book Heimskringla (The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway) by Snorri Sturluson. According to legend, King Olaf II of Norway (Saint Olaf) went to Våler to convert the heathens to Christianity in 1022 AD. At first there was some resistance, but resistance proved to be futile. The farmers were quickly convinced to convert to Christianity, as in many other areas of Norway. The king decided that they had to build a church, but the locals couldn't agree where to place it. So the king settled the matter in a simple and efficient way. He took his bow, and shot an arrow up in the air and declared that wherever the arrow landed, the church was to be built. The arrow landed in a vål at the banks of the river Glomma. This incident gave name to both the place and the church. (Although later the church was called Mariakirken, which translates to Church of Mary). Våler Municipality's coat of arms illustrates Saint Olaf's arrow.[40]

Medieval period

[edit]

During the Middle Ages, Våler was just an outpost far from the main travel route. Those few who went through, were either wanderers or pilgrims heading for Saint Olaf's tomb in Nidaros (later Trondheim). One pilgrim's route for Swedish pilgrims lay through Eidskog, Solør, and Elverum; Adam of Bremen mentions this route as early as 1070. Along this route, the pilgrims often stopped at the spring at Våler, where legend had it that Saint Olaf had watered his horse; the water was supposed to possess wonderful curative properties.[41]

The Black Death spread through Norway between 1348 and 1350. We do not know how hard Våler was affected by the plague, but a legend tells that only one boy and one girl survived.

By the 17th century, there was quite a lot of livestock in Våler. As the technology improved, the forestry became more and more important in the forests along the many rivers and lakes in the area.

Finnish immigration

[edit]

An important part of Våler's and Solør's history, is the immigration and settlement of people from Finland. From the late 16th century they were encouraged by Swedish king Gustav Vasa to settle in the unpopulated areas of Värmland and Solør, along the border between Norway and Sweden. At that time the forests far from the settled areas of the two countries were of little value, and therefore immigrants could settle in large numbers without coming into conflict with the locals. The Finnish immigration was a result of hunger and turbulent times in Finland. King Gustav Vasa welcomed the immigrants, because he wanted to increase the taxable income from the scarcely populated areas of western Sweden.

The Finns brought with them their unique culture and their way of life. Amongst other things, they imported the agricultural technique, common in Finland and Eastern Sweden, known as svedjebruk or slash-burn agriculture. This involved setting fire to the forest and growing crops on the fertile ash-covered soil. The clearing was initially planted to rye, and then in the second and third year with turnips or cabbages. It then might be grazed for several years before being allowed to return to woodland. In this manner, they periodically moved around and burned down new areas and left their former areas to regrow with forest.[39]

The Finnish language, still has an influence in the area. Many place names and words and expressions in the local dialects derive from the Finnish. The area itself is called Finnskogen, which translates as "The Finnish forest".

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]
  • Vålerbanen, a motor racing circuit in the municipality.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
  4. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  5. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
  7. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1900). Norske gaardnavne: Hedmarkens amt (in Norwegian) (3 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 293 and 298.
  8. ^ "Norsk Lovtidende. 2den Afdeling. 1917. Samling af Love, Resolutioner m.m". Norsk Lovtidend (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Grøndahl og Søns Boktrykkeri: 1000. 1917.
  9. ^ Den Nye rettskrivning : regler og ordlister (in Norwegian). Kristiania, Norge: Den Mallingske Boktrykkeri. 1918.
  10. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  11. ^ "Valer, Hedmark (Norway)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Godkjenning av våpen og flagg". Lovdata.no (in Norwegian). Norges kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. 7 August 1987. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  13. ^ "Kommunevåpen" (in Norwegian). Våler kommune. Archived from the original on 27 August 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  14. ^ Mikal Lundstein, ed. (2004). Jubileumsskrift (Anniversary book). Våler Municipality.
  15. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  16. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Innlandet". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  17. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Innlandet". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  18. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2015 - Hedmark". Valgdirektoratet.
  19. ^ a b c d "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  20. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Hedmark". Valgdirektoratet.
  21. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996.
  22. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993.
  23. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988.
  24. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984.
  25. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979.
  26. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977.
  27. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973.
  28. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967.
  29. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964.
  30. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960.
  31. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957.
  32. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952.
  33. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948.
  34. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947.
  35. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938.
  36. ^ "(+) To ganger 10-9 og Lie og Sæterdalen på plass i Våler". www.ostlendingen.no (in Norwegian). 30 September 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  37. ^ "Ordfører". Våler kommune i Innlandet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  38. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by immigration category, country background and percentages of the population". ssb.no. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  39. ^ a b Sawyer, Birgit; Sawyer, Peter H. (1993). Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800–1500. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1739-2.
  40. ^ Sigmund Moren, ed. (1978). Hedmark. Oslo, Norway: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag.
  41. ^ Stagg, Frank Noel (1956). East Norway and its Frontier. George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
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